Forze in campo in Siria

Gruppi islamisti salafiti e wahabiti e paesi alleati.

La "Falsa Primavera" araba

Alleati di Assad

I principali belligeranti

Main belligerents
Syrian government Syrian Armed Forces National Defence Forces Ba'ath Brigades Allied groups al-Abbas Brigade Arab Nationalist Guard Army of Monotheists Fatemiyoun Brigade PFLP-GC Sootoro SSNP Syrian Resistance  Iran (from 2013)  Hezbollah (from 2013)  Russia (from 2015) Support:[show]	Syrian opposition Free Syrian Army Southern Front(from 2014) Jaysh al-Islam  Turkey[a] (from 2016) Support:[show]  Ahrar al-Sham[c] Islamic Front / SIF(2012–15) Support:[show]  Tahrir al-Sham[c] Al-Nusra Front(2012–2017) Turkistan Islamic Party	Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant(from 2013)[5][6][7] Military of ISIL Khalid ibn al-Walid Army	Rojava (SDF) (from 2012) YPG YPJ JaT MFS IFB Support:[show]  CJTF–OIR (from 2014)  United States[b]  France[14]  United Kingdom  Netherlands  Australia  Jordan  Germany Former participants:[show]
Commanders and leaders
Bashar al-Assad (President of Syria)  Fahd Jassem al-Freij (Minister of Defense)  Ali Abdullah Ayyoub (Chief of Staff of the Army)  Issam Hallaq (Chief of Staff of the Air Force)  Issam Zahreddine (Major General of theRepublican Guard)  Ali Mamlouk (Director of the National Security Bureau)  Rafiq Shahadah (Head of the Military Intelligence Directorate)  Hassan Nasrallah (Secretary General ofHezbollah)  Ali Khamenei (Supreme Leader of Iran)  Qasem Soleimani (Commander of Quds Force)  Vladimir Putin (President of Russia) KIA:[show]	Bashar al-Zoubi (Commander of theSouthern Front)  Jamal Maarouf (former commander of theSRF; 2012–14)  Ahmed Issa al-Sheikh[28] (Leader of the Islamic Front)  Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (President of Turkey)  Lt. Gen. Zekai Aksakallı[29] (Operations chief commander) KIA:[show]  Abu Yahia al-Hamawi (Leader of Ahrar al-Sham) KIA:[show]  Abu Jaber Shaykh (Emir of Tahrir al-Sham)  Abu Mohammad al-Julani (Military commander of Tahrir al-Sham)[35] KIA:[show]	Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (WIA) (Caliph of ISIL)[41][42]  Gulmurod Khalimov (Minister of War) [43]  Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi (Deputy Leader)  Abu Muhammad al-Shimali (Senior Leader) KIA:[show]	Riad Darar (Co-chairperson of the MSD)  Îlham Ehmed(Co-chairperson of theMSD)  Salih Muhammad (Co-President of thePYD)  Asya Abdullah (Co-President of thePYD)   Sipan Hemo (Commander of theYPG)  Stephen J. Townsend[52] (Commander of CJTF-OIR)
Strength
Syrian Armed Forces: 180,000[53] General Security Directorate: 8,000[54] National Defense Force: 80,000[55] Hezbollah: 6,000–8,000[56] Ba'ath Brigades: 7,000 Russia: 4,000 troops[57]and 1,000 contractors[58] Iran: 3,000–5,000[56][59] Other allied groups: 15,500+	FSA: 40,000–50,000[60] Islamic Front: 40,000–70,000[61] Other groups: 12,500[62] Tahrir al-Sham: 31,000[63] Allied groups: 8,500+	15,000–20,000 (U.S. claim, late 2016)[64]	SDF: 50,000+[65][66] YPG and YPJ: 57,000–60,000[67][68] (most, not all, part of the SDF) Syriac Military Council: 2,000 Army of Revolutionaries: 3,000
Casualties and losses
Syrian Government: 60,901–95,901 soldiers killed[69][70] 45,290–59,290 militiamen killed[69][70] 4,700 soldiers and militiamen and 2,000 supporters captured[69]  Hezbollah: 1,421–1,700 killed[69][71]  Russia: 33–38 soldiers[72][73] and 28–34 contractors killed[74] Other non-Syrian fighters: 6,862 killed[69] (475)[75]	110,811–146,811 fighters killed[d][69][70] 979 protesters killed[76]  Turkey: 71 soldiers killed (2016–17 ground incursion)[77]	11,522+ killed (per SOHR)[78] 20,711+ killed (per YPG and SAA)[79][80]	Rojava: 3,613 killed[81][82]  CJTF–OIR: 3 killed[83][84][85]
96,073[69]–103,648[86] (3,284 foreign; mostly Palestinian) civilian deaths documented by opposition 88 other foreign soldiers killed ( 48,  16,  17,  7) Total killed: 321,358–451,358 (March 2017 SOHR estimate)[69] 470,000 (February 2016 SCPR estimate)[87] Over 7,600,000 internally displaced (July 2015 UNHCR estimate) Over 4,800,000 refugees (August 2016 estimate NRC Handelsblad)[88]; over 4,000,000(July 2015 UNHCR estimate)[89][90][91] a Turkey has provided arms support to the Syrian opposition since 2011. From August 2016 to March 2017, Turkey fought alongside a rebel contingent in Aleppo governorate against the SDF and ISIL but not against the Syrian government. b From September to November 2016, the United States fought alongside a rebel contingent in Aleppo governorate solely against ISIL, but not against the Syrian government or the SDF.[92][93] In April 2017, the United States attacked the Syrian government in response to the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack. c Ahrar al-Sham and Tahrir al-Sham's predecessor, the Al-Nusra Front, were allied under the Army of Conquest from March 2015 to January 2017. d Number includes Kurdish and ISIL fighters, whose deaths are also listed in their separate columns.[94][69]